Immunological castration is not only useful for male pigs

The approach to grow entire male pigs by using immunological castration was introduced about 25 years ago. The strategy was an alternative to physical castration, and was launched globally. The Americas and a few other countries also use the vaccine in gilts. The European Commission approved marketing authorisation as well. The global use of the Improvac (Improvest in Canada and the US) vaccine in fattening gilts increases globally. In a meta-analysis review paper from 2020, researchers from